An Artificial Hand with Real Feeling

 

A new nerve interface gives a sense of touch to a prosthetic limb.

• By David Talbot | Photographs by Ryan Donnell on February 18, 2014

http://www.technologyreview.com/photoessay/524676/an-artificial-hand-with-real-feeling/

Igor Spetic’s hand was in a fist when it was severed by a forging hammer three years ago as he made an aluminum jet part at his job. For months afterward, he felt a phantom limb still clenched and throbbing with pain. “Some days it felt just like it did when it got injured,” he recalls.

Igor Spetic lost his hand in a workplace accident. Now he’s one of the first people ever to regain realistic finger sensations thanks to nerve interfaces (below) implanted in the arm.

He soon got a prosthesis. But for amputees like Spetic, these are more tools than limbs. Because the prosthetics can’t convey sensations, people wearing them can’t feel when they have dropped or crushed something.Now Spetic, 48, is getting some of his sensation back through electrodes that have been wired to residual nerves in his arm. Spetic is one of two people in an early trial that takes him from his home in Madison, Ohio, to the Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center. In a basement lab, his prosthetic hand is rigged with force sensors that are plugged into 20 wires protruding from his upper right arm. These lead to three surgically implanted interfaces, seven millimeters long, with as many as eight electrodes apiece encased in a polymer, that surround three major nerves in Spetic’s forearm.

On a table, a nondescript white box of custom electronics does a crucial job: translating information from the sensors on Spetic’s prosthesis into a series of electrical pulses that the interfaces can translate into sensations. This technology “is 20 years in the making,” says the trial’s leader, Dustin Tyler, a professor of biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University and an expert in neural interfaces.

Left: To evaluate his sensory feedback, he picks up blocks held to the table with magnets.

Right: With sensation restored, he can pick up cherries and remove stems 93 percent of the time without crushing, even blindfolded.

As of February, the implants had been in place and performing well in tests for more than a year and a half. Tyler’s group, drawing on years of neuroscience research on the signaling mechanisms that underlie sensation, has developed a library of patterns of electrical pulses to send to the arm nerves, varied in strength and timing. Spetic says that these different stimulus patterns produce distinct and realistic feelings in 20 spots on his prosthetic hand and fingers. The sensations include pressing on a ball bearing, pressing on the tip of a pen, brushing against a cotton ball, and touching sandpaper, he says. A surprising side effect: on the first day of tests, Spetic says, his phantom fist felt open, and after several months the phantom pain was “95 percent gone.”

On this day, Spetic faces a simple challenge: seeing whether he can feel a foam block. He dons a blindfold and noise-­canceling headphones (to make sure he’s relying only on his sense of touch), and then a postdoc holds the block inside his wide-open prosthetic hand and taps him on the shoulder. Spetic closes his prosthesis—a task made possible by existing commercial interfaces to residual arm muscles—and reports the moment he touches the block: success.

While the results are promising, research that involves surgical implants is time-consuming. Completing the pilot study, refining stimulation methods, and launching full clinical trials is likely to take 10 years. Tyler is also finishing development of an implantable electronic device to deliver stimuli “so this is not just on a bench in a lab, but gets into the home eventually,” he says. And he is working with manufacturers of prostheses to integrate force sensors and force processing technology directly into future versions of the devices.

versions of the devices.

Left: Control boxes deliver signals to electrodes surrounding nerves in Spetic’s arm, producing sensations of touch.

Right: This device might eventually be implanted in his arm, replacing lab equipment to deliver signals. Force sensors and processing technology could be integrated into future prosthetic devices.

Nerve interfaces are implanted in the arm.

When the tests are over and the equipment is disconnected, Spetic’s sensory visitation with his lost hand abruptly ends. He says he’s “blessed to know these people and be a part of this.” But he can’t help thinking wistfully about what the future might bring. “It would be nice to know I can pick up an object without having to look at it, or I can hold my wife’s hand and walk down the street, knowing I have a hold of her,” he says, as he puts on his coat and starts back home. “Maybe all of this will help the next person.”

Watch video: Restoring a Sense of Touch in Amputees

http://www.technologyreview.com/photoessay/524676/an-artificial-hand-with-real-feeling/